% SiSU 0.38

@title: Book Index for - The Wealth of Networks

@subtitle: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom

@creator: Yochai Benkler

@type: Book

@rights: Copyright 2006 by Yochai Benkler. All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ The author has made an online version of the book available under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Sharealike license; it can be accessed through the author's website at http://www.benkler.org.

@date: 2006-01-27

@date.created: 2006-01-27

@date.issued: 2006-01-27

@date.available: 2006-11-26

@date.modified: 2006-11-26

@date.valid: 2006-01-27

% @catalogue: isbn=0300110561

@language: US

@vocabulary: none

@images: center

@skin: skin_won_benkler

@links: {The Wealth of Networks, dedicated wiki}http://www.benkler.org/wealth_of_networks/index.php/Main_Page
{The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler @ SiSU}http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler

@level: new=:C; break=1


:A~ The Wealth of Networks - How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom

:B~ Yochai Benkler

:C~ Book Index


1~ Index~{ http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler }~

http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler ~#

Abilene, Texas, 407

access: broadband services, concentration of, 240; cable providers, regulation of, 399-401; human development and justice, 13-15; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; to medicine, 344-353; to raw data, 313-314; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397

access regulation. See policy

accreditation, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183-184; Amazon, 75; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104

Ackerman, Bruce, 184, 281, 305-307

action, individual. See individual capabilities

active vs. passive consumers, 126-127, 135

ad hoc mesh networks, 89

Adamic, Lada, 244, 246-248, 257

Adams, Scott, 138

advertiser-supported media, 194-195, 199-204; lowest-common-denominator programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; reflection of consumer preference, 203

aggregate effect of individual action, 4-5. See also clusters in network topology; peer production

agonistic giving, 83

agricultural innovation, commons-based, 329-344

% ,{[pg 492]},

Albert, Reka, 243-244, 251

alertness, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210

alienation, 359-361

allocating excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352

almanac-type information, emergence of, 70. See also Wikipedia project

Alstott, Anne, 305

altruism, 82-83

Amazon, 75

anticircumvention provisions, DMCA, 414-417

antidevice provisions, DMCA, 415

Antidilution Act of 1995, 290, 447

appropriation strategies, 49

arbitrage, domain names, 433

archiving of scientific publications, 325-326

Arrow, Kenneth, 36, 93

ArXiv.org, 325-326

asymmetric commons, 61-62

AT&T, 191, 194

Atrios (blogger Duncan Black), 263

attention fragmentation, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466. See also social relations and norms

authoring of scientific publications, 323-325

authoritarian control, 236; working around, 266-271

authorship, collaborative. See peer production

autonomy, 8-9, 133-175, 464-465; culture and, 280-281; formal conception of, 140-141; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; information environment, structure of, 146-161; mass media and, 164-166

B92 radio, 266

Babel objection, 10, 12, 169-174, 233-235, 237-241, 465-466

backbone Web sites, 249-250, 258-260

background knowledge. See culture bad luck, justice and, 303-304

Bagdikian, Ben, 205

Baker, Edwin, 165, 203

Balkin, Jack, 15, 256, 276, 284, 294, 295

Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo, 243-246, 251

Barbie (doll), culture of, 277, 285-289

Barlow, John Perry, 45

barriers to access. See access

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 189

Beebe, Jack, 207

behavior: enforced with social software, 372-375; motivation to produce, 6, 92-99, 115; number and variety of options, 150-152, 170. See also autonomy

Benabou, Roland, 94

benefit maximization, 42

Beniger, James, 187

Benjamin, Walter, 295, 296

Bennett, James Gordon, 188

Berlusconi effect, 201, 204, 220-225

bilateral trade negotiations. See trade policy

BioForge platform, 343

bioinformatics, 351

BioMed Central, 324

biomedical research, commons-based, 344-353

BIOS initiative, 342-344

biotechnology, 332-338

blocked access: authoritarian control, 236, 266-271; autonomy and, 147-152, 170-171; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; mass media and, 197-199; policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397

blogs, 216-217; Sinclair Broadcasting case study, 220-225; small-worlds effect, 252-253; as social software, 372-375; watchdog functionality, 262-264

% ,{[pg 493]},

blood donation, 93

bots. See trespass to chattels

bow tie structure of Web, 249-250

Bower, Chris, 221

boycott of Sinclair Broadcasting, 220-225

BoycottSBG.com site, 222-223, 225

Boyd, Dana, 368

Boyle, James, 25, 415, 446-447, 449, 487-488

branding: domain names and, 431-433; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448

bridging social relationships, 368

Bristol, Virginia, 406

broadband networks, 24-25; cable as commons, 399-401; concentration in access services, 240; market structure of, 152-153; municipal initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405; regulation of, 399-402. See also wired communications

broadcast flag regulation, 410

broadcasting, radio. See radio broadcasting, toll, 194-195

Broder, Andrei, 249

browsers, 434-436

Bt cotton, 337-338

building on existing information, 37-39, 52

Bullock, William, 188

business decisions vs. editorial decisions, 204

business strategies for information production, 41-48

cable broadband transport, as commons, 399-401. See also broadband networks

cacophony. See Babel objection; relevance filtering

CAMBIA research institute, 342-344

capabilities of individuals, 20-22; coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5; cultural shift, 284; economic condition and, 304; human capacity as resource, 52-55; as modality of production, 119-120; as physical capital, 99; technology and human affairs, 16-18. See also autonomy; nonmarket information producers

capacity: diversity of content in largeaudience media, 197, 204-210, 259-260; human communication, 52-55, 99-106, 110; mass media limits on, 199; networked public sphere generation, 225-232; networked public sphere reaction, 220-225; opportunities created by social production, 123-126; policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; processing (computational), 81-82, 86; radio, sharing, 402-403; securing, 458; sharing, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352; storage, 86; transaction costs, 112-115

capital for production, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital

Carey, James, 131

carriage requirements of cable providers, 401

Castells, Manuel, 16, 18, 362

CBDPTA (Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act), 409

Cejas, Rory, 134, 141-142

censorship, 268-270

centralization of communications, 62, 235, 237-241, 258-260; authoritarian filtering, 268; decentralization, 10-12, 62

CGIAR's GCP program, 341

Chakrabarti, Soumen, 251

Chandler, Alfred, 187

channels, transmission. See transport channel policy chaotic, Internet as, 237-241

% ,{[pg 494]},

Chaplin, Charlie, 138

chat rooms, 269

Chinese agricultural research, 337-338

Chung, Minn, 267

Cisco policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159

Clark, Dave, 412

Clarke, Ian, 269

click-wrap licenses, 444-446

clickworkers project (NASA), 69-70

clinical trials, peer-produced, 353

clusters in network topology, 12-13, 248-250, 253-256; bow tie structure of Web, 249-250; synthesis of public opinion, 184, 199. See also topology, network

Coase, Ronald, 59, 87

Cohen, Julie, 416

Coleman, James, 95, 361

collaboration, open-source, 66-67

collaboration, traditional. See traditional model of communication

collaborative authorship, 218; among universities, 338-341, 347-350; social software, 372-375. See also peer production collective social action, 22

commercial culture, production of, 295-296

commercial mass media: basic critiques of, 196-211; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; structure of, 178-180. See also traditional model of communication commercial mass media, political freedom and, 176-211; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185

commercial model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers

commercial press, 186-188, 202

commercialism, undermining political concern, 197, 204-210

common-carriage regulatory system, 160

commons, 24, 60-62, 129-132, 316-317; autonomy and, 144-146; cable providers as, 399-401; crispness of social exchange, 109; human welfare and development, 308-311; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; types of, 61-62; wireless communications as, 89, 152-154

commons, production through. See peer production commons-based research, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353

communication: authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; capacity of, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; through performance, 205; transaction costs, 112-115; university alliances, 338-341, 347-350. See also wired communications; wireless communications

% ,{[pg 495]},

communication diversity. See diversity communication tools, 215-219

communities: critical culture and self-reflection, 15-16, 70-74, 76, 112, 293-294; fragmentation of, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; human and Internet, together, 375-377; immersive entertainment, 74, 135-136; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405; as persons, 19-20; technology-defined social structure, 29-34; virtual, 348-361

community clusters. See clusters in network topology community regulation by social norms. See social relations and norms competition: communications infrastructure, 157-159; market and nonmarket producers, 122-123

computational capacity, 81-82, 86; transaction costs, 112-115

computer gaming environment, 74, 135-136

computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115

concentration in broadband access services, 240

concentration of mass-media power, 157, 197, 199-204, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225

concentration of Web attention, 241-261

connectivity, 86

constraints of information production, monetary, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital

constraints of information production, physical, 3-4, 24-25. See also capital for production

constraints on behavior. See autonomy; freedom consumer demand for information, 203

consumer surplus. See capacity, sharing consumerism, active vs. passive, 126-127, 135

contact, online vs. physical, 360-361

content layer of institutional ecology, 384, 392, 439-457, 469-470; copyright issues, 439-444; recent changes, 395

context, cultural. See culture contractual enclosure, 444-446

control of public sphere. See mass media controlling

culture, 297-300

controversy, avoidance of, 205

cooperation gain, 88

cooperative production. See peer production

coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5. See also clusters in network topology; peer production

copyleft, 65, 342 copyright issues, 277-278, 439-444. See also proprietary rights

core Web sites, 249-250

cost: crispness of, 109-113; minimizing, 42; of production, as limiting, 164-165; proprietary models, 461-462; technologies, 462. See also capital for production creative capacity, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110

Creative Commons initiative, 455

creativity, value of, 109-113

credibility, earning. See accreditation

criminalization of copyright infringement, 441-442

crispness of currency exchange, 109-113

% ,{[pg 496]},

critical culture and self-reflection, 15-16, 293-294; Open Directory Project, 76; self-identification as transaction cost, 112; Wikipedia project, 70-74

cultural production. See culture; information production

culture, 273-300, 466-467; criticality of (self-reflection), 15-16, 70-74, 76, 112, 293-294; freedom of, 279-285, 297; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; as motivational context, 97; participatory, policies for, 297-300; security of context, 143-146; shaping perceptions of others, 147-152, 170, 220-225, 297-300; social exchange, crispness of, 109-113; of television, 135; transparency of, 285-294

daily newspapers, 40

dailyKos.com site, 221

data storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115

Database Directive, 449-450

database protection, 449-451; trespass to chattels, 451-453

Davis, Nick, 221-223, 245-246, 260

Dawkins, Richard, 284

de minimis digital sampling, 443-444

de Solla Price, Derek, 243

Dean, Howard, 258

decency. See social relations and norms

decentralization of communications, 10-12, 62

Deci, Edward, 94

DeCSS program, 417

defining price, 109-113

demand for information, consumer, 203

demand-side effects of information production, 43, 45

democratic societies, 7-16, 177; autonomy, 8-9; critical culture and social relations, 15-16; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; justice and human development, 13-15; public sphere, shift from mass media, 10-13; shift from mass-media communications model, 10-13; social-democratic theories of justice, 308-311

democratizing effect of Internet, 213-214; critiques of claims of, 233-237

depression, 359-361

deregulation. See policy determinism, technological, 16-18

development, commons-based, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353

devices (physical), policy regarding, 408-412. See also computers

Diebold Election Systems, 225-232, 262, 389-390

digital copyright. See proprietary rights

digital divide, 236-237

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 380, 413-418

digital sampling, 443-444

dignity, 19

Dill, Stephen, 249-250

dilution of trademarks, 290, 446-448

discussion lists (electronic), 215

displacement of real-world interaction, 357, 362-366

distributed computing projects, 81-83

distributed filtering and accreditation, 171-172

distributed production. See peer production Distributed Proofreading site, 81

distribution lists (electronic), 215

distribution of information, 68-69, 80-81; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; university-based innovation, 348-350

diversity, 164-169; appropriation strategies, 49; of behavioral options, 150-152, 170; changes in taste, 126; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; granularity of participation, 100-102, 113-114; human communication, 55-56; human motivation, 6; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; mass-mediated environments, 165-166; motivation to produce, 6, 92-99, 115. See also autonomy

% ,{[pg 497]},


DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 380, 413-418

Doctors Without Borders, 347

domain name system, 429-434

Drezner, Daniel, 251, 255

drugs, commons-based research on, 344-353

DSL. See broadband networks dumb luck, justice and, 303-304


Dworkin, Gerard, 140

Dworkin, Ronald, 304, 307

dynamic inefficiency. See efficiency of information regulation

Dyson, Esther, 45

e-mail, 215; thickening of preexisting relations, 363-366 /{eBay v. Bidder's Edge}/, 451-453

economic analysis, role of, 18

economic data, access to, 313-314

economic opportunity, 130-131

economics in liberal political theory, 19-20; cultural freedom, 279-285, 297

economics of information production and innovation, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56

economics of nonmarket production, 91-127; emergence in digital networks, 116-122; feasibility conditions, 99-106; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also motivation to produce

Edelman, Ben, 268

editorial filtering. See relevance filtering editorial vs. business decisions, 204

educational instruction, 314-315, 327

efficiency of information regulation, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154

Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 17 /{Eldred v. Ashcroft}/, 442

electronic voting machines (case study), 225-232, 262, 389-390

emergent order in networks. See clusters in network topology

enclosure movement, 380-382

encryption, 457

encryption circumvention, 414-417

encyclopedic information, emergence of, 70. See also Wikipedia project enhanced autonomy. See autonomy

entertainment industry: hardware regulation and, 409-412; immersive, 74, 135-136; peer-to-peer networks and, 425-428. See also music industry entitlement theory, 304

environmental criticism of GM foods, 334

equality. See justice and human development

esteem. See intrinsic motivations

ethic (journalistic) vs. business necessity, 197, 204-210

excess capacity, sharing, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352

exclusivity. See also proprietary rights

exercise of programming power, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225

existing information, building on, 37-39, 52

extrinsic motivations, 94-95

factual reporting, access to, 314

fair use in copyright, 440-441

family relations, strengthening of, 357, 362-366

% ,{[pg 498]},

Fanning, Shawn, 84, 419

Farrell, Henry, 251, 255

FastTrack architecture, 420

FCC. See policy

feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106

feedback and intake limits of mass media, 199

Feinberg, Joel, 140 /{Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co.}/, 449

Felten, Edward, 416

FHSST (Free High School Science Texts), 101, 326

Fightaids@home project, 82

file-sharing networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457

filtering, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183, 258-260; Amazon, 75; by authoritarian countries, 236; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of massmedia power, 157, 197, 199-204, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266

filtering by information provider. See blocked access financial reward, as demotivator, 94-96

fine-grained goods, 113

firms. See market-based information producers; traditional model of communication

first-best preferences, mass media and: concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; largeaudience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225

Fisher, William (Terry), 15, 123, 276, 293, 409

Fiske, John, 135, 275, 293

fixed costs, 110

Folding@home project, 82-83

folk culture. See culture food, commons-based research on, 328-329

food security, commons-based research on, 329-344

formal autonomy theory, 140-141

formal instruction, 314-315

fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466. See also social relations and norms

Franklin, Benjamin, 187

Franks, Charles, 81, 137

Free High School Science Texts (FHSST), 101, 326

free software, 5, 46, 63-67; commonsbased welfare development, 320-323; as competition to market-based business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458

free trade agreements. See trade policy

freedom, 19, 129; behavioral options, 150-152, 170; of commons, 62; cultural, 279-285, 297; property and commons, 143-146

freedom as individuals. See autonomy freedom policy. See policy

Freenet, 269-270

Frey, Bruno, 93-94

Friedman, Milton, 38

friendship as motivation. See intrinsic motivations

friendships, virtual, 359-361

Friendster, 368

Froomkin, Michael, 412, 432

FTAs. See trade policy

future: participatory culture, 297-300; public sphere, 271-272

% ,{[pg 499]},

games, immersive, 74, 135-136

GCP (Generation Challenge Program), 341

GE (General Electric), 191, 195

General Public License (GPL), 63-65, 104. See also free software

Generation Challenge Program (GCP), 341

genetically modified (GM) foods, 332-338

Genome@home project, 82

geographic community, strength of. See thickening of preexisting relations

Ghosh, Rishab, 106

gifts, 116-117

Gilmore, Dan, 219, 262

Glance, Natalie, 248, 257

global development, 308-311, 355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; international harmonization, 453-455; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353

global injustice. See justice and human development

GM (genetically modified) foods, 332-338

GNU/Linux operating system, 64-65

Gnutella, 420

Godelier, Maurice, 109, 116

golden rice, 339

goods, information-embedded, 311-312

Google, 76

Gould, Stephen Jay, 27

government: authoritarian control, 236, 266-271; independence from control of, 184, 197-198; role of, 20-22; working around authorities, 266-271. See also policy

GPL (General Public License), 63-65, 104. See also free software

Gramsci, Antonio, 280

Granovetter, Mark, 95, 360, 361

granularity, 100-102; of lumpy goods, 113-114

Green Revolution, 331-332

Grokster, 421

growth rates of Web sites, 244, 246-247

gTLD-MoU document, 431

Habermas, Jurgen, 181, 184, 205, 281, 412

The Halloween Memo, 123

Hampton, Keith, 363

handhelds. See computers; mobile phones

HapMap Project, 351

hardware, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115

hardware regulations, 408-412

harmonization, international, 453-455

Harris, Bev, 227, 228, 231

Hart, Michael, 80-81, 137

Hayek, Friedrich, 20, 143

HDI (Human Development Index), 309-310

health effects of GM foods, 334

Hearst, William Randolph, 203

Heller, Michael, 312

HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), 202

hierarchical organizations. See traditional model of communication

high-production value content, 167-169, 294-297. See also accreditation

HIV/AIDS, 319, 328-329, 344-345; Genome

home project, 82

Holiday, Billie, 273

Hollings, Fritz, 409-410

Hollywood. See entertainment industry

Hoover, Herbert, 192-194

Hopkins Report, 229

Horner, Mark, 101

Huberman, Bernardo, 243-244, 246-247

human affairs, technology and, 16-18

% ,{[pg 500]},

human communicative capacity, 52-55; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; pricing, 110

human community, coexisting with Internet, 375-377

human contact, online vs. physical, 360-361

human development and justice, 13-15, 301-355, 467-468; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; liberal theories of, 303-308. See also welfare

Human Development Index (HDI), 309-310

Human Development Report, 309

human freedom. See freedom

human motivation, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114

human welfare, 130-131; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; digital divide, 236-237; freedom from constraint, 157-158; information-based advantages, 311-315; liberal theories of justice, 303-308. See also justice and human development

Hundt, Reed, 222

hyperlinking on the Web, 218; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; as trespass, 451-453

IAHC (International Ad Hoc Committee), 430-431

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 430

IBM's business strategy, 46-47, 123-124

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 431-432

iconic representations of opinion, 205, 209-210

ideal market, 62-63

immersive entertainment, 74, 135-136

implicit knowledge, transfer of, 314-315

incentives of exclusive rights. See proprietary rights

incentives to produce, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114

independence from government control, 184, 197-198

independence of Web sites, 103

individual autonomy, 8-9, 133-175, 464-465; culture and, 280-281; formal conception of, 140-141; independence of Web sites, 103; individual capabilities in, 20-22; information environment, structure of, 146-161; mass media and, 164-166

individual capabilities and action, 20-22; coordinated effects of individual actions, 4-5; cultural shift, 284; economic condition and, 304; human capacity as resource, 52-55; as modality of production, 119-120; as physical capital, 99; technology and human affairs, 16-18. See also autonomy; nonmarket information producers

individualist methodologies, 18

industrial age: destabilization of, 32; reduction of individual autonomy, 137-138

industrial model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; information industries, 315-317; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; securityrelated policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also marketbased information producers

% ,{[pg 501]},

inefficiency of information regulation, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154

inertness, political, 197, 204-210

influence exaction, 156, 158-159

information, defined, 31, 313-314

information, perfect, 203

information appropriation strategies, 49

information as nonrival, 36-39

information economy, 2-34; democracy and liberalism, 7-16; effects on public sphere, 219-233; emergence of, 2-7; institutional ecology, 22-28; justice, liberal theories of, 303-308; methodological choices, 16-22

information-embedded goods, 311-312

information-embedded tools, 312

information flow, 12; controlling with policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199

information industries, 315-317

information laws. See policy

information licensing and ownership. See also proprietary rights

information overload and Babel objection, 10, 12, 169-174, 233-235, 237-241, 465-466

information production, 464; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; networked public sphere capacity for, 225-232; nonrivalry, 36-39, 85-86; physical constraints on, 3-4; strategies of, 41-48. See also distribution of information; peer production

information production, market-based: cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; mass popular culture, 295-296; relationship with social producers, 122-127; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; universities as, 347-348; without property protections, 39-41, 45-48

information production, models of. See traditional model of communication

information production, nonmarketbased. See entries at nonmarket production

information production capital, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital

information production economics, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56

information production efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation

information production inputs, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship

information sharing. See sharing information storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115 infrastructure ownership, 155 initial costs, 110

% ,{[pg 502]},

injustice. See justice and human development

Innis, Harold, 17

innovation: agricultural, commonsbased, 329-344; human development, 14; software patents and, 437-439; wireless communications policy, 154

innovation economics, 35-58; current production strategies, 41-48; exclusive rights, 49-50, 56-58; production over computer networks, 50-56

innovation efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation

inputs to production, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship

instant messaging, 365

Institute for One World Health, 350

institutional ecology of digital environment, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers

intellectual property. See proprietary rights

interaction, social. See social relations and norms

interest communities. See clusters in network topology

interlinking. See topology, network

International HapMap Project, 351

international harmonization, 453-455

Internet: authoritarian control over, 266-271; centralization of, 235, 237-241; coexisting with human community, 375-377; democratizing effect of, 213-214, 233-237; globality of, effects on policy, 396; linking as trespass, 451-453; plasticity of culture, 294-297, 299; as platform for human connection, 369-372; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250; technologies of, 215-219; transparency of culture, 285-294; Web addresses, 429-434; Web browsers, 434-436

Internet Explorer browser, 434-436

Internet usage patterns. See social relations and norms

intrinsic motivations, 94-99. See also motivation to produce

Introna, Lucas, 261

isolation, 359-361

Jackson, Jesse, 264 The Jedi Saga, 134

Jefferson, Richard, 342

Joe Einstein model, 43, 47-48, 315

Johanson, Jon, 417

journalism, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210

judgment of relevance. See relevance filtering

justice and human development, 13-15, 301-355, 467-468; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; liberal theories of, 303-308

% ,{[pg 503]},

Kant, Immanuel, 143

karma (Slashdot), 78

KaZaa, 421

KDKA Pittsburgh, 190, 191

Keillor, Garrison, 243

Kick, Russ, 103, 259-260

Know-How model, 45-46


knowledge, defined, 314-315

Koren, Niva Elkin, 15

Kottke, Jason, 252

Kraut, Robert, 360, 363

Kumar, Ravi, 253

Kymlicka, Will, 281

laboratories, peer-produced, 352-353

Lakhani, Karim, 106

Lange, David, 25

large-audience programming, 197, 204-210; susceptibility of networked public sphere, 259-260

large-circulation presses, 187-188

large-grained goods, 113-114

large-scale peer cooperation. See peer production

last mile (wireless), 402-405

laws. See policy

layers of institutional ecology, 384, 389-396, 469-470; content layer, 384, 392, 395, 439-457, 469-470; physical layer, 392, 469-470. See also logical layer of institutional ecology

learning networks, 43, 46, 112

Lemley, Mark, 399, 445

Lerner, Josh, 39, 106

Lessig, Lawrence (Larry), 15, 25, 239, 276, 278, 385, 399

liberal political theory, 19-20; cultural freedom, 278-285, 297

liberal societies, 7-16; autonomy, 8-9; critical culture and social relations, 15-16; design of public sphere, 180-185; justice and human development, 13-15; public sphere, shift from mass media, 10-13; theories of justice, 303-308

licensing: agricultural biotechnologies, 338-344; GPL (General Public License), 63-65, 104; radio, 191-194; shrink-wrap (contractual enclosure), 444-446. See also proprietary rights

limited-access common resources, 61

limited intake of mass media, 197-199

limited sharing networks, 43, 48

Lin, Nan, 95

Linden Labs. See Second Life game environment

linking on the Web, 218; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; as trespass, 451-453

Linux operating system, 65-66

Litman, Jessica, 25, 33, 278, 439

local clusters in network topology, 12-13. See also clusters in network topology

logical layer of institutional ecology, 384, 392, 412-439, 469; database protection, 449-451; DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 380, 413-418; domain name system, 429-434; free software policies, 436-437; international harmonization, 453-455; peerto-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; recent changes, 395; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448; Web browsers, 434-436

loneliness, 359-361

loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369

Los Alamos model, 43, 48

Lott, Trent, 258, 263-264

lowest-common-denominator programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260

Lucas, George, 134

luck, justice and, 303-304

lumpy goods, 113-115

Luther, Martin, 27

% ,{[pg 504]},

machinery. See computers

mailing lists (electronic), 215

management, changing relationships of, 124-126

Mangabeira Unger, Roberto, 138

manipulating perceptions of others, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300

mapping utterances. See relevance filtering

Marconi, 191

market-based information producers: cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; mass popular culture, 295-296; relationship with social producers, 122-127; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; universities as, 347-348; without property protections, 39-41, 45-48

market reports, access to, 314

market transactions, 107-109

Marshall, Josh, 221, 222, 246, 263

Marx, Karl, 143, 279

mass media: basic critiques of, 196-211; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225; as platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; structure of, 178-180. See also traditional model of communication

mass media, political freedom and, 176-211; commercial platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185

massive multiplayer games, 74, 135-136

maximizing viewers as business necessity. See large-audience programming

McChesney, Robert, 196

McHenry, Robert, 71

McLuhan, Marshall, 16, 17

McVeigh, Timothy (sailor), 367

Medecins San Frontieres, 347

media concentration, 157, 235, 237-241; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225. See also power of mass media owners

medicines, commons-based research on, 344-353

medium-grained goods, 113

medium of exchange, 109-113

Meetup.com site, 368

The Memory Hole, 103

metamoderation (Slashdot), 79

methodological individualism, 18

Mickey model, 42-44

Microsoft Corporation: browser wars, 434-436; sidewalk.com, 452

Milgram, Stanley, 252

misfortune, justice and, 303-304

MIT's Open Courseware Initiative, 314-315, 327

MMOGs (massive multiplayer online games), 74, 135-136

mobile phones, 219, 367; open wireless networks, 402-405

moderation of content. See accreditation

modularity, 100-103

Moglen, Eben, 5, 55, 426

monetary constraints on information production, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital

money: centralization of communications, 258-260; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; cost of production as limiting, 164-165; crispness of currency exchange, 109-113; as demotivator, 94-96; as dominant factor, 234. See also capital for production

monitoring, authoritarian, 236

monopoly: authoritarian control, 266-271; breadth of programming under, 207; medical research and innovation, 345-346; radio broadcasting, 189, 195; wired environment as, 152-153

% ,{[pg 505]},

Moore, Michael, 200

motivation to produce, 6, 92-99; crowding out theory, 115; cultural context of, 97; granularity of participation and, 100-102, 113-114

Moulitsas, Markos, 221

movie industry. See entertainment industry

MP3.com, 419, 422-423

MSF (Medecins San Frontieres), 347

Mumford, Lewis, 16

municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408

Murdoch, Rupert, 203

music industry, 50-51, 425-427; digital sampling, 443-444; DMCA violations, 416; peer-to-peer networks and, 84

MyDD.com site, 221

Napster, 419. See also peer-to-peer networks

NASA Clickworkers, 69-70

NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 195

Negroponte, Nicholas, 238

neighborhood relations, strengthening of, 357, 362-366

Nelson, W. R., 205

Netanel, Neil, 236, 261, 261-262

Netscape and browser wars, 435

network topology, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology

networked environment policy. See policy networked information economy, 2-34; democracy and liberalism, 7-16; effects on public sphere, 219-233; emergence of, 2-7; institutional ecology, 22-28; justice, liberal theories of, 303-308; methodological choices, 16-22

networked public sphere, 10-12, 212-271, 465; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; defined, 177-178; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; liberal, design characteristics of, 180-185; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; mass-media platform for, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; transparency of Internet culture, 285-294; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also social relations and norms networked society, 376

news (as data), 314

newspapers, 40, 186-188; market concentration, 202

Newton, Isaac, 37

niche markets, 56

NIH (National Institutes of Health), 324

Nissenbaum, Helen, 261

No Electronic Theft (NET) Act, 441-442

Noam, Eli, 201-202, 238-239

nonexclusion-market production strategies, 39-41, 45-48

nonmarket information producers, 4-5, 39-40; conditions for production, 99-106; cultural change, transparency of, 290-293; emergence of social production, 116-122; relationship with nonmarket information producers (cont.) market-based businesses, 122-127; role of, 18-19; strategies for information production, 43, 47-48; universities as, 347-348

% ,{[pg 506]},

nonmarket production, economics of, 91-127; emergence in digital networks, 116-122; feasibility conditions, 99-106; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also motivation to produce

nonmarket strategies, effectiveness of, 54-56

nonmonetary motivations. See motivation to produce

nonprofit medical research, 350

nonrival goods, 36-39; peer-to-peer

networks sharing, 85-86

norms (social), 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369

Nozick, Robert, 304

NSI (Network Solutions, Inc.), 430

number of behavioral options, 150-152, 170 OAIster protocol, 326

obscurity of some Web sites, 246, 251-252

ODP (Open Directory Project), 76

older Web sites, obscurity of, 246

"on the shoulders of giants", 37-39

One World Health, 350

Open Archives Initiative, 326

open commons, 61

Open Courseware Initiative (MIT), 314-315, 327

Open Directory Project (ODP), 76

open-source software, 5, 46, 63-67; commons-based welfare development, 320-323; as competition to marketbased business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458

open wireless networks, 402-405; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; security, 457

opinion, public: iconic representations of, 205, 209-210; synthesis of, 184, 199. See also accreditation; relevance filtering

opportunities created by social production, 123-126

options, behavioral, 150-152, 170

order, emergent. See clusters in network topology

organization structure, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; justice and, 303-304; modularity, 100-103

organizational clustering, 248-249

organizations as persons, 19-20

organized production, traditional. See traditional model of communication

OSTG (Open Source Technology Group), 77

Ostrom, Elinor, 144

owners of mass media, power of, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225 ownership of information. See also proprietary rights

p2p networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457

% ,{[pg 507]},

packet filtering. See blocked access

Pantic, Drazen, 219

Pareto, Vilfredo, 243

participatory culture, 297-300. See also culture passive vs. active consumers, 126-127, 135

patents. See proprietary rights path dependency, 388-389

patterns of Internet use. See social relations and norms

peer production, 5, 33, 59-90, 462-464; drug research and development, 351; electronic voting machines (case study), 225-232; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; maintenance of cooperation, 104; as platform for human connection, 374-375; relationship with market-based businesses, 122-127; sustainability of, 106-116; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also sharing

peer production, order emerging from. See accreditation; relevance filtering

peer review of scientific publications, 323-325

peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428; security considerations, 457

Pennock, David, 251

perceptions of others, shaping, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300

perfect information, 203

performance as means of communication, 205

permission to communicate, 155

permissions. See proprietary rights

personal computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115

Pew studies, 364-365, 423

pharmaceuticals, commons-based research on, 344-353

Philadelphia, wireless initiatives in, 406-408

physical capital for production, 6-7, 32, 384, 396-412; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital

physical constraints on information production, 3-4, 24-25. See also capital for production

physical contact, diminishment of, 360-361

physical layer of institutional ecology, 392, 469-470; recent changes, 395

physical machinery and computers, 105; infrastructure ownership, 155; policy on physical devices, 408-412; as shareable, lumpy goods, 113-115

Piore, Michael, 138

PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property for Agriculture), 338-341

planned modularization, 101-102

plasticity of Internet culture, 294-297, 299

PLoS (Public Library of Science), 324

polarization, 235, 256-258

policy, 26, 383-459; authoritarian control, 266-271; commons-based research, 317-328; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; enclosure movement, 380-382; global Internet and, 396; independence from government control, 184, 197-198; international harmonization, 453-455; liberal theories of justice, 305-307; mapping institutional ecology, 389-396; participatory culture, 297-300; path dependency, 386-389; pharmaceutical innovation, 345-346; property-based, 159-160; proprietary policy (continued ) rights vs. justice, 302-303; securityrelated, 73-74, 396, 457-459; stakes of, 460-473; wireless spectrum rights, 87. See also privatization; proprietary rights

% ,{[pg 508]},

policy, global. See global development

policy, social. See social relations and norms

policy efficiency. See efficiency of information regulation

policy layers, 384, 389-396, 469-470; content layer, 384, 392, 395, 439-457, 469-470; physical layer, 392, 469-470. See also logical layer of institutional ecology

policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159

political concern, undermined by commercialism, 197, 204-210

political freedom, mass media and, 176-211; commercial platform for public sphere, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; criticisms, 196-211; design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 180-185

political freedom, public sphere and, 212-271; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266. See also networked information economy politics. See policy

Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 388

popular culture, commercial production of, 295-296

Post, Robert, 140

Postel, Jon, 430

Postman, Neil, 186

poverty. See justice and human development; welfare

Powell, Walter, 112

power law distribution of Web connections, 241-261; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250; uniform component of moderate connectivity, 251-252

power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204; corrective effects of network environment, 220-225

preexisting relations, thickening of, 357

press, commercial, 186-188, 202

price compensation, as demotivator, 94-96

pricing, 109-113

Pringle, Peter, 335

print media, commercial, 186-188

private communications, 177

privatization: agricultural biotechnologies, 335-336; of communications and information systems, 152-154, 159-160 /{ProCD v. Zeidenberg}/, 445

processing capacity, 81-82, 86

processors. See computers producer surplus, 157

production capital, 6-7, 32; control of, 99; cost minimization and benefit maximization, 42; fixed and initial costs, 110; production costs as limiting, 164-165; transaction costs, 59-60. See also commons; social capital

production inputs, 68-75; existing information, 37-39, 52; immersive entertainment, 74-75; individual action as modality, 119-120; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; limited by mass media, 197-199; NASA Clickworkers project, 69-70; pricing, 109-113; propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300; systematically blocked by policy routers, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; universal intake, 182, 197-199; Wikipedia project, 70-74. See also collaborative authorship

% ,{[pg 509]},

production of information, 464; feasibility conditions for social production, 99-106; networked public sphere capacity for, 225-232; nonrivalry, 36-39, 85-86; physical constraints on, 3-4; strategies of, 41-48. See also distribution of information; peer production

production of information, efficiency of. See efficiency of information regulation

production of information, industrial model of. See traditional model of communication

production of information, nonmarket. See nonmarket information

producers professionalism, mass media, 198

Project Gutenberg, 80-81, 136

propaganda, 149-150; manipulating culture, 297-300; Stolen Honor documentary, 220-225

property ownership, 23-27, 129-132; autonomy and, 143-146; control over, as asymmetric, 60-61; effects of exclusive rights, 49-50; trade policy, 319. See also commons; proprietary rights

property ownership, efficiency of. See efficiency of information regulation

proprietary rights, 22-28, 56-58; agricultural biotechnologies, 335-336, 338-344; commons-based research, 317-328; contractual enclosure, 444-446; copyright issues, 439-444; cultural environment and, 277-278; database protection, 449-451; Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 380, 413-418; domain names, 431-433; dominance of, overstated, 460-461; effects of, 49-50; enclosure movement, 380-382; global welfare and research, 317-320, 354-355; information-embedded goods and tools, 311-312; infrastructure ownership, 155; international harmonization, 453-455; justice vs., 302-303; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 345-346; models of, 42-45; openness of personal computers, 409; peer-to-peer networks and, 84-85; radio patents, 191, 194; scientific publication, 323-325; software patenting, 437-439; strategies for information production, 41-48; trademark dilution, 290, 446-448; trespass to chattels, 451-453; university alliances, 338-341; wireless networks, 87, 153-154. See also access

proprietary rights, inefficiency of, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154

psychological motivation. See motivation to produce

public-domain data, 313-314

public goods vs. nonrival goods, 36-39

Public Library of Science (PLoS), 324

public opinion: iconic representations of, 205, 209-210; synthesis of, 184, 199. See also accreditation; relevance filtering

public sphere, 10-12, 212-271, 465; authoritarian control, working around, 266-271; basic communication tools, 215-219; critiques that Internet democratizes, 233-237; defined, 177-178; Diebold Election Systems case study, 225-232, 262, 389-390; future of, 271-272; Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 237-241; liberal, design characteristics of, 180-185; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; massmedia platform for, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; topology and connectivity of, 241-261; transparency of Internet culture, 285-294; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266

public sphere economy. See networked information economy

% ,{[pg 510]},

public sphere relationships. See social relations and norms publication, scientific, 313, 323-328

Putnam, Robert, 362

quality of information. See accreditation; high-production value content; relevance filtering

quoting on Web, 218

radio, 186-196, 387-388, 402-403; market concentration, 202; patents, 191, 194; as platform for human connection, 369; as public sphere platform, 190. See also wireless communications

Radio Act of 1927, 196

Radio B92, 266

radio telephony, 194

raw data, 313-314; database protection, 449-451

raw materials of information. See inputs to production

Rawls, John, 184, 279, 303-304, 306

Raymond, Eric, 66, 137, 259

Raz, Joseph, 140

RCA (Radio Corporation of America), 191, 195

RCA strategy, 43, 44

reallocating excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352

recognition. See intrinsic motivations

redistribution theory, 304

referencing on the Web, 218; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261

regional clusters in network topology, 12-13. See also clusters in network topology

regions of interest. See clusters in network topology

regulated commons, 61

regulating information, efficiency of, 36-41, 49-50, 106-116, 461-462; capacity

reallocation, 114-116; property protections, 319; wireless communications policy, 154

regulation. See policy

regulation by social norms, 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369

Reichman, Jerome, 449

relationships, social. See social relations and norms

relevance filtering, 68, 75-80, 169-174, 183, 258-260; Amazon, 75; by authoritarian countries, 236; capacity for, by mass media, 199; concentration of mass-media power, 157, 220-225, 235, 237-241; as distributed system, 171-172; Google, 76; Open Directory Project (ODP), 76; power of mass media owners, 197, 199-204, 220-225; as public good, 12; Slashdot, 76-80, 104; watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266

relevance filtering by information providers. See blocked access

repeater networks, 88-89

research, commons-based, 317-328, 354-355; food and agricultural innovation, 328-344; medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 344-353

resource sharing. See capacity, sharing

% ,{[pg 511]},

resources, common. See commons

responsive communications, 199

reuse of information, 37-39, 52

reward. See motivation to produce

Reynolds, Glenn, 264

Rheingold, Howard, 219, 265, 358-359

RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 416

right to read, 439-440

rights. See proprietary rights

Romantic Maximizer model, 42-43

Rose, Carol, 61

routers, controlling information flow with, 147-149, 156, 197-198, 397; influence exaction, 156, 158-159

Rubin, Aviel, 228, 229

Sabel, Charles, 62, 111, 138

Saltzer, Jerome, 399

sampling, digital (music), 443-444

Samuelson, Pamela, 25, 414, 488

Sarnoff, David, 195

SBG (Sinclair Broadcast Group), 199-200, 220-225

Scholarly Lawyers model, 43, 45

scientific data, access to, 313-314

scientific publication, 313; commons-based welfare development, 323-328

scope of loose relationships, 9, 357

Scott, William, 353

Second Life game environment, 74-75, 136

security of context, 143-146

security-related policy, 396, 457-459; vandalism on Wikipedia, 73-74

Security Systems Standards and Certification Act, 409


self-archiving of scientific publications, 325-326

self-determinism, extrinsic motivation and, 94

self-direction. See autonomy

self-esteem, extrinsic motivation and, 94

self-organization. See clusters in network topology self-reflection, 15-16, 293-294; Open Directory Project, 76; selfidentification as transaction cost, 112; Wikipedia project, 70-74

services, software, 322-323

SETI@home project, 81-83

shaping perceptions of others, 147-152, 170; influence exaction, 156, 158-159; with propaganda, 149-150, 220-225, 297-300

Shapiro, Carl, 312

shareable goods, 113-115

sharing, 59-90, 81-89; emergence of social production, 116-122; excess capacity, 81-89, 114-115, 157, 351-352; limited sharing networks, 43, 48; open wireless networks, 402-405; radio capacity, 402-403; technologydependence of, 120; university patents, 347-350

sharing peer-to-peer. See peer-to-peer networks

Shirky, Clay, 173, 252, 368, 373 "shoulders of giants", 37-39

shrink-wrap licenses, 444-446

sidewalk.com, 452

Simon, Herbert, 243

Sinclair Broadcast Group (SBG), 199-200, 220-225

Skype utility, 86, 421

Slashdot, 76-80, 104

small-worlds effect, 252-253

SMS (short message service). See text messaging

social action, 22

social capital, 95-96, 361-369; networked society, 366-369; thickening of preexisting relations, 363-366

social clustering, 248-249

% ,{[pg 512]},

social-democratic theories of justice, 308-311

social motivation. See intrinsic motivations

social production, relationship with market-based businesses, 122-127

social relations and norms, 72-74, 356-377; enforced norms with software, 372-375; fragmentation of communication, 15, 234-235, 238, 256, 465-466; Internet and human coexistence, 375-377; Internet as platform for, 369-372; loose affiliations, 9, 357, 362, 366-369; motivation within, 92-94; property, commons, and autonomy, 143-146; Slashdot mechanisms for, 78; software for, emergence of, 372-375; technology-defined structure, 29-34; thickening of preexisting relations, 357; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116; working with social expectations, 366-369

social software, 372-375

social structure, defined by technology, 29-34

societal culture. See culture

software: commons-based welfare development, 320-323; patents for, 437-439; social, 372-375

software, open-source, 5, 46, 63-67; commons-based welfare development, 320-323; as competition to marketbased business, 123; human development and justice, 14; policy on, 436-437; project modularity and granularity, 102; security considerations, 457-458

Solum, Lawrence, 267

Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, 442-443, 454

specificity of price, 109-113

spectrum property rights, 87. See also proprietary rights

spiders. See trespass to chattels

Spielberg, Steven, 416

stakes of information policy, 460-473

Stallman, Richard, 5, 64-66

standardizing creativity, 109-113

Starr, Paul, 17, 388

state, role of, 20-22

static inefficiency. See efficiency of information regulation

static Web pages, 216

Steiner, Peter, 205

Stolen Honor documentary, 220-225

storage capacity, 86; transaction costs, 112-115

strategies for information production, 41-48; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116

Strogatz, Steven, 252

strongly connected Web sites, 249-250

structure of mass media, 178-180

structure of network, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology

structure of networks. See network topology

structure of organizations, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; justice and, 303-304; modularity, 100-103

structured production, 100-106; granularity, 100-102, 113-114; maintenance of cooperation, 104; modularity, 100-103

Sunstein, Cass, 234

supercomputers, 81-82

supplantation of real-world interaction, 357, 362-366

% ,{[pg 513]},

supply-side effects of information production, 45-46

sustainability of peer production, 106-116

symmetric commons, 61-62

Syngenta, 337

synthesis of public opinion, 184, 199. See also accreditation

TalkingPoints site, 221

taste, changes in, 126

Taylor, Fredrick, 138

teaching materials, 326

technology, 215-219; agricultural, 335-344; costs of, 462; dependence on, for sharing, 120; effectiveness of nonmarket strategies, 54-55; enabling social sharing as production modality, 120-122; role of, 16-18; social software, 372-375; social structure defined by, 29-34

telephone, as platform for human connection, 371

television, 186; culture of, 135; Internet use vs., 360, 364; large-audience programming, 197, 204-210, 259-260; market concentration, 202

tendrils (Web topology), 249-250

term of copyright, 442-443, 454

text distribution as platform for human connection, 369

text messaging, 219, 365, 367

textbooks, 326

thickening of preexisting relations, 357, 362-366

thinness of online relations, 360

Thurmond, Strom, 263

Ticketmaster, 452

Tirole, Jean, 94, 106

Titmuss, Richard, 93 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 187

toll broadcasting, 194-195

too much information. See Babel objection; relevance filtering

tools, information-embedded, 312

Toomey, Jenny, 123

topical clustering, 248-249

topology, network, 172-173; autonomy and, 146-161; emergent ordered structure, 253-256; linking as trespass, 451-453; moderately linked sites, 251-252; peer-to-peer networks, 83-86, 418-428, 457; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting on Web, 218; repeater networks, 88-89; strongly connected Web sites, 249-250. See also clusters in network topology

Torvalds, Linus, 65-66, 104-105, 136-137

trade policy, 317-320, 354-355, 454

trademark dilution, 290, 446-448. See also proprietary rights

traditional model of communication, 4, 9, 22-28, 59-60, 383-459, 470-471; autonomy and, 164-166; barriers to justice, 302; emerging role of mass media, 178-180, 185-186, 198-199; enclosure movement, 380-382; mapping, framework for, 389-396; medical innovation and, 345-346; path dependency, 386-389; relationship with social producers, 122-127; security-related policy, 73-74, 396, 457-459; shift away from, 10-13; stakes of information policy, 460-473; structure of mass media, 178-180; transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116. See also market-based information producers

transaction costs, 59-60, 106-116

transfer of knowledge, 314-315

transparency of free software, 322

transparency of Internet culture, 285-294

transport channel policy, 397-408; broadband regulation, 399-402; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open wireless networks, 402-405

trespass to chattels, 451-453

troll filters (Slashdot), 78

trusted systems, computers as, 409-410

tubes (Web topology), 249-250

UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 445

UCITA (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act), 444-446

Uhlir, Paul, 449

universal intake, 182, 197-199

university alliances, 338-341, 347-350

university-owned radio, 192

unregulated commons, 61

use permissions. See proprietary rights

users as consumers, 126-127

uttering content. See inputs to production

vacuity of online relations, 360

Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 278, 488

value-added distribution. See distribution of information; relevance filtering

value of online contact, 360

vandalism on Wikipedia, 73-74

variety of behavioral options, 150-152, 170

Varmus, Harold, 313

virtual communities, 348-361. See also social relations and norms

visibility of mass media, 198

volunteer activity. See nonmarket information producers; peer production

volunteer computation resources. See capacity, sharing

von Hippel, Eric, 5, 47, 106, 127

voting, electronic, 225-232, 262, 389-390

vouching for others, network of, 368 Waltzer, Michael, 281

% ,{[pg 514]},

watchdog functionality, 236, 261-266

Watts, Duncan, 252

weak ties of online relations, 360, 363

Web, 216, 218; backbone sites, 249-250, 258-260; browser wars, 434-436; domain name addresses, 429-434; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting from other sites, 218. See also Internet

Web topology. See network topology

Weber, Steve, 104-105

welfare, 130-131; commons-based research, 317-328; commons-based strategies, 308-311; digital divide, 236-237; freedom from constraint, 157-158; information-based advantages, 311-315; liberal theories of justice, 303-308. See also justice and human development

well-being, 19

WELL (Whole Earth `Lectronic Link), 358

Wellman, Barry, 16, 17, 362, 363, 366

Westinghouse, 191, 195

wet-lab science, peer production of, 352-353

WiFi. See wireless communications

Wikibooks project, 101

Wikipedia project, 70-74, 104; Barbie doll content, 287-289, 292

Wikis as social software, 372-375

Williamson, Oliver, 59

Winner, Langdon, 17

wired communications: market structure of, 152-153; policy on, 399-402. See also broadband networks

wireless communications, 87-89; municipal broadband initiatives, 405-408; open networks, 402-405; privatization vs. commons, 152-154. See also radio World Wide Web, 216, 218; backbone sites, 249-250, 258-260; browser wars, 434-436; domain name addresses, 429-434; linking as trespass, 451-453; power law distribution of Web site connections, 241-261; quoting from other sites, 218. See also Internet

% ,{[pg 515]},

writable Web, 216-217

written communication as platform for human connection, 369

Zipf, George, 243

Zittrain, Jonathan, 268