Abilene, Texas 717
access 11, 35, 281, 295, 296, 298, 355, 366, 434, 463, 559, 609, 702, 704, 705,
broadband services, concentration of, 434,
cable providers, regulation of, 704, 705,
human development and justice, 11, 35,
influence exaction, 295, 298,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
limited by mass media, 355,
systematically blocked by policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702,
to medicine, 609,
to raw data, 559
accreditation 34, 135, 151-161, 152, 153, 154, 155, 204, 297, 314-322, 317, 337, 338, 355, 358, 359, 397, 423, 429,
Amazon, 152,
as distributed system, 317,
as public good, 34,
capacity for, by mass media, 358,
concentration of mass-media power, 297, 397, 423, 429,
Google, 153,
of mass media owners, 355,
Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,
power of mass media owners, 359, 397,
Slashdot, 155, 204
ad hoc mesh networks 179
Adams, Scott 265
advertiser-supported media 348-351, 355, 358-365, 364, 366, 464,
denominator programming, 355, 366,
lowest-common-denominator programming, 464,
reflection of consumer preference, 364
aggregate effect of individual action 18
agnostic giving 170
agricultural innovation, commons-based 586-608
alienation 637-639
Alstott, Anne 545
altruism 169-170
Amazon 152-153
anticircumvention provisions, DMCA 730-734
antidevice provisions, DMCA 731
appropriation strategies 101-103
arbitrage, domain names 757
archiving of scientific publications 580-581
ArXiv.org 580-581
asymmetric commons 121-122
Atrios (blogger Duncan Black) 470
authoring of scientific publications 578-580
autonomy 26-29, 51-56, 203, 258-322, 269, 278, 279, 309, 506, 815-819,
culture and, 506,
formal conception of, 269,
independence of Web sites, 203,
information environment, structure of, 278, 279,
mass media and, 309
B92 radio 475
backbone Web sites 448-450
Bagdikian, Ben 367
Barlow, John Perry 94
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 345
Beebe, Jack 371
behavior 21, 183, 223, 286, 316, 659,
enforced with social software, 659,
motivation to produce, 21, 183, 223,
number and variety of options, 286, 316
Benabou, Ronald 187
benefit maximization 89
Beniger, James 343
Bennett, James Gorden 343
BioForge 607
bioinfomatics 621
BioMed Central 579
biomedical research, commons-based 609-623
BIOS initiative 606-608
biotechnology 590-597
blocked access 281, 295, 296, 298, 316, 355, 366, 426, 464, 473, 702,
authoritarian control, 426, 473,
autonomy and, 281, 316,
influence exaction, 295, 298,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 464,
mass media and, 355,
policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702
blogs 388-391, 396, 454, 470, 659,
as social software, 659,
Sinclair Broadcasting case study, 396,
small-worlds effects, 454,
watchdog functionality, 470
blood donation 186
boradband networks 62
bow tie structure of Web 448-450
Bower, Chris 398
boycott of Sinclair Broadcasting 396-402
Boyd, Dana 653
bridging social relationships 653
Bristol, Virginia 716-717
broadband networks 290, 434, 704, 709, 715,
cable as commons, 704,
concentration in access services, 434,
market structure of, 290,
municipal initiatives, 715,
open wireless networks, 709,
regulation of, 704
broadcast flag regulation 722
broadcasting, radio. See radio broadcasting, toll 349-351
Broder, Andrei 448
browsers 759-761
Bt cotton 597
Bullock, William 343
business decisions vs. editorial decisions 365
business strategies for information production 88-99
cable broadband transport, as commons 704-708
CAMBIA research institute 606-608
capabilities of individuals 16, 43, 51-56, 108, 195, 238, 513, 545,
as modality of production, 238,
as physical capital, 195,
coordinated effects of individual actions, 16,
cultural shift, 513,
economic condition and, 545,
human capacity as resource, 108,
technology and human affairs, 43
capacity 108, 166, 167, 175, 194, 217, 218, 221, 246, 281, 296, 297, 355, 358, 366, 397, 403, 463, 620, 702, 711, 806,
diversity of content in large audience media, 355,
diversity of content in large-audience media, 366, 463,
human communication, 108, 194, 217,
mass media limits on, 358,
networked public sphere generation, 403,
networked public sphere reaction, 397,
opportunities created by social production, 246,
policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702,
processing (computational), 167, 175,
radio sharing, 711,
securing, 806,
sharing, 166, 221, 297, 620,
storage, 175,
transaction costs, 218
capital for production 21-22, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,
control of, 195,
cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,
fixed and initial costs, 216,
production costs as limiting, 309,
transaction costs, 120
Carey, James 256
carriage requirements of cable providers 707-708
CBDPTA (Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act) 721
censorship 477-479
CGIAR's GCP program 605
Chakrabarti, Soumen 451
Chandler, Alfred 343
Chaplin, Charlie 265
chat rooms 478-479
Chinese agricultural research 597
Chung, Minn 476-477
Clark, Dave 727
Clarke, Ian 479
click-wrap licenses 778-781
clickworkers project 137-139
clinical trials, peer-produced 622
clusters in network topology 34, 338, 358, 446-453, 448, 455-460,
bow tie structure of Web, 448,
synthesis of public opinion, 338, 358
Cohen, Julie 732
collaboration, open-source 131-132
collaborative authorship 56, 391, 598, 613, 659,
among universities, 598, 613,
See also peer production collective social action, 56,
social software, 659
commercial culture, production of 529-530
commercial mass media 323, 327, 331, 341, 353, 353, 357, 397,
as platform for public sphere, 327, 341, 357,
basic critiques of, 353,
corrective effects of network environment, 397,
criticisms, 353,
design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 331,
See also traditional model of communication commercial mass media, political freedom and, 323,
structure of, 327
commercial model of communication 16-17, 29, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 356, 539, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 825,
autonomy and, 309,
barriers to justice, 539,
emerging role of mass media, 327, 340, 356,
enclosure movement, 671,
mapping, framework for, 685,
medical innovation and, 611,
path dependency, 679,
relationship with social producers, 244,
security-related policy, 146, 695, 803,
shift away from, 31,
stakes of information policy, 808,
structure of mass media, 327,
transaction costs, 120, 208
common-carriage regulatory system 301
commons 59, 61, 120-123, 122, 180, 215, 252-257, 276, 289, 550, 564-565, 704, 715,
autonomy and, 276,
cable providers as, 704,
crispness of social exchange, 215,
human welfare and development, 550,
municipal broadband initiatives, 715,
types of, 122,
wireless communications as, 180, 289
commons, production through 568-583, 584-608, 609, 624,
food and agricultural innovation, 584,
medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609,
see peer production commons-based research, 568, 584, 609, 624
communication 108, 194, 217, 218, 367, 473, 598, 613, 631,
authoritarian control, working around, 473,
capacity of, 108,
feasibility conditions for social production, 194,
pricing, 217,
thickening of preexisting relations, 631,
through performance, 367,
transaction costs, 218,
university alliances, 598, 613
communities 40, 41, 50, 67, 139, 149, 153, 218, 263, 421, 430, 459, 525, 630, 664, 709, 715, 818,
as persons, 50,
critical culture and self-reflection, 40, 139, 153, 218, 525,
fragmentation of, 41, 421, 430, 459, 818,
human and Internet, together, 664,
immersive entertainment, 149, 263,
municipal broadband initiatives, 715,
open wireless networks, 709,
technology-defined social structure, 67,
virtual, 630
community clusters 245, 297,
communications infrastructure, 297,
market and nonmarket producers, 245
computers 206, 220, 294, 718,
as shareable, lumpy goods, 220,
infrastructure ownership, 294,
policy on physical devices, 718
concentration in broadband access services 434-435
concentration of mass-media power 297, 355, 359-365, 397, 423-424, 429-436,
corrective effects of network environment, 397
concentration of Web attention 437-466
connectivity 175-176
constrains of information production, physical 60-62
constraints of information production, monetary 21, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,
control of, 195,
cost minimization and benefits maximization, 89,
fixed and initial costs, 216,
production costs as limiting, 309,
transaction cost, 120
constraints of information production, physical 16-17
contact, online vs. physical 638-639
content layer of institutional ecology 676-677, 691, 696, 767-802, 769, 823-825,
copyright issues, 769,
recent changes, 696
controversy, avoidance of 367
cooperation gain 179
coordinated effects of individual actions 16-18
cost 89, 108, 194, 214, 217, 309, 810, 813,
capital for production creative capacity, 108,
crispness of, 214,
feasibility conditions for social production, 194,
minimizing, 89,
of production, as limiting, 309,
pricing, 217,
proprietary models, 810,
technologies, 813
Creative Commons initiative 801
creativity, value of 214-219
criminalization of copyright infringement 775
crispness of currency exchange 214-219
critical culture and self-reflection 40-41, 140, 154, 218, 525-526,
Open Directory Project, 154,
self-identification as transaction cost, 218,
Wikipedia project, 140
culture 40, 139, 153, 189, 214, 218, 262, 273, 281, 295, 298, 315, 397, 485-536, 505, 515, 525, 531, 532, 818-819,
as motivational context, 189,
criticality of (self-reflection), 40, 139, 153, 218, 525,
freedom of, 505, 532,
influence exaction, 295, 298,
of television, 262,
participatory, policies for, 531,
security of context, 273,
shaping perceptions of others, 281, 315, 397, 531,
social exchange, crispness of, 214,
transparency of, 515
daily newspapers 85
dailyKos.com site 398
Database Directive 788-789
Dawkins, Richard 513
de minimis digital sampling 777
de Solla Price, Derek 441
de Tocqueville, Alexis 342
Dean, Howard 463
Deci, Edward 187
DeCSS program 734
defining price 214-219
demand for information, consumer 364
democratic societies 24-39, 26, 30, 31, 35, 40, 51, 203, 324-325, 550,
autonomy, 26,
critical culture and social relations, 40,
independence of Web sites, 203,
individual capabilities in, 51,
justice and human development, 35,
public sphere, shift from mass media, 30,
shift from mass-media communications model, 31,
social-democratic theories of justice, 550
depression 637-639
development, commons-based 568-583, 584, 609, 624-628,
food and agricultural innovation, 584,
medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609
digital divide 427
digital sampling 777
dignity 50
Dill, Stephen 450
discussion lists (electronic) 387
distributed computing projects 168-170
distributed filtering and accreditation 317-318
distributed production 165
distribution lists (electronic) 387
distribution of information 135, 162-165, 437, 616,
power law distribution of site connections, 437,
university-based innovation, 616
diversity 21, 41, 101, 112, 183, 200, 221, 223, 249, 286, 308-313, 309, 316, 355, 366, 421, 430, 459, 463, 817,
appropriation strategies, 101,
changes in taste, 249,
fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430, 459, 817,
granularity of participation, 200, 221,
human communication, 112,
human motivation, 21,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
mass-mediated environments, 309,
motivation to produce, 21, 183, 223,
of behavioral options, 286, 316
Doctors Without Borders 614
domain name system 753-758
drugs, commons-based research on 609-623
Dworkin, Gerard 269
Dyson, Esther 94
eBay v. Bidder's Edge 791-795
economic analysis, role of 47-48
economic data, access to 559-560
economic opportunity 255
economics of information production and innovation 77-117, 88, 100, 105, 114,
current production strategies, 88,
exclusive rights, 100, 114,
production of computer networks, 105
economics of nonmarket production 120, 182-250, 208, 225,
emergence in digital networks, 225,
transaction costs, 120, 208
Edelman, Ben 477
efficiency of information regulation 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 221, 291, 571, 810-813,
capacity reallocation, 221,
property protections, 571,
wireless communications policy, 291
Eisenstein, Elizabeth 45
Eldred v. Ashcroft 776
enclosure movement 671-672
encryption 804-805
encryption circumvention 730-733
entertainment industry 149, 263, 545, 720, 746,
hardware regulation and, 720,
immersive, 149, 263,
peer-to-peer networks and, 746,
see also music industry entitlement theory, 545
environmental criticism of GM foods 593-594
extrinsic motivations 187-190
factual reporting, access to 561
fair use and copyright 772-774
FastTrak architecture 740
feasibility conditions or social production 194-207
feedback and intake limits of mass media 358
Feinberg, Joel 269
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co. 788-789
Felten, Edward 733
Fightaids@home project 169
filtering 34, 135, 151-161, 152, 153, 154, 155, 204, 297, 314-322, 317, 336-337, 355, 358, 397, 423, 425, 426, 429, 429, 462-466, 467,
Amazon, 152,
as distributed system, 317,
as public good, 34,
by authoritarian countries, 426,
capacity for by mass media, 358,
concentration of mass-media power, 297, 355, 358, 423, 429, 429,
corrective effects of network environment, 397,
Google, 153,
Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,
Slashdot, 155, 204,
watchdog functionality, 425, 467
filtering by information provider. See blocked access financial reward, as demotivator 187-190
fine-grained goods 221
first-best preferences, mass media and 297, 359, 366, 397, 423, 429, 463,
concentration of mass-media power, 297, 397, 423, 429,
large-audience programming, 366, 463,
of mass media owners, 359,
power of mass media owners, 397
fixed costs 216
Folding@home project 168-170
food security, commons-based research on 586-608
formal autonomy theory 269-272
formal instruction 562
Franklin, Benjamin 342
free software 19-20, 37, 96, 125-132, 202, 247, 573, 762, 803,
as competition to market-based business, 247,
commons-based welfare development, 573,
human development and justice, 37,
policy on, 762,
project modularity and granularity, 202,
security considerations, 803
freedom 50, 122, 253, 273, 286, 316, 505, 532,
behavioral options, 286, 316,
cultural, 505, 532,
of commons, 122,
property and commons, 273
Freenet 479
Frey, Bruno 187-188
Friedman, Milton 82
friendships, virtual 637-639
Friendster 653
GCP (Generation Challenge Program) 605
Generation Challenge Program (GCP) 605
genetically modified (GM) foods 590-597
Genome@home project 169
Ghosh, Rishab 207
gifts 226-227
global development 550-554, 584, 609, 627-628, 796,
food and agricultural innovation, 584,
international harmonization, 796,
medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609
GM (genetically modified) foods 590-597
GNU/Linux operating system 128-131
Gnutella 740
golden rice 599
goods, information-embedded 556-558
Google 153
Gould, Stephen Jay 64
government 52, 339, 356, 426, 473,
authoritarian control, 426, 473,
independence from control of, 339, 356,
role of, 52,
working around authorities, 473
Gramsci, Antonio 506-507
granularity of participation and 200-203
Green Revolution 589-594
Grokster 742
gTLD-MoU document 754
Hampton, Keith 644
HapMap Project 621
hardware 206, 220, 294, 718,
as shareable, lumpy goods, 220,
infrastructure ownership, 294,
policy on physical devices, 718
hardware regulations 718-725
harmonization, international 796-801
HDI (Human Development Index) 552-554
health effects of GM foods 593-594
Hearst, William Randolph 365
Heller, Michael 558
HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index) 363
Holiday, Billie 493
Hollings, Fritz 721-724
home project 168-170
Hoover, Herbert 348
Hopkins Report 408
Horner, Mark 201
human affairs, technology and 43-48
human communicative capacity 108-112, 194, 217,
feasibility conditions for social production, 194,
pricing, 217
human community, coexisting with Internet 664-666
human contact, online vs. physical 638-639
human development and justice 35-38, 537-628, 542, 550-554, 568, 820-821,
commons-based research, 568,
liberal theories of, 542
Human Development Index (HDI) 552-554
Human Development Report 552
human motivation 21, 183-194, 189, 200, 221, 223,
crowding out theory, 223,
cultural context of, 189,
granularity of participation and, 200, 221
human welfare 255, 297, 427, 542, 550, 555, 568,
commons-based research, 568,
commons-based strategies, 550,
digital divide, 427,
freedom from constraint, 297,
information-based advantages, 555,
liberal theories of justice, 542
Hundt, Reed 398
hyperlinking on the Web 392, 437, 791,
as trespass, 791,
power law distribution of site connections, 437
IAHC (International Ad Hock Committee) 754
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) 754
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) 755
ideal market 123
implicit knowledge, transfer of 562
incentives to produce 21, 183-194, 189, 200, 221, 223,
crowding out theory, 223,
cultural context, 189,
granularity of participation and, 200, 221
independence of Web sites 203
individual autonomy 26-28, 51, 203, 258-322, 269, 278, 279, 309, 506, 815-819,
culture and, 506,
formal conception of, 269,
independence of Web sites, 203,
individual capabilities in, 51,
information environment, structure of, 278, 279,
mass media and, 309
individual capabilities and action 16, 43, 51-56, 108, 195, 238, 513, 545,
as modality of production, 238,
as physical capital, 195,
coordinated effects of individual actions, 16,
cultural shift, 513,
economic condition and, 545,
human capacity as resource, 108,
technology and human affairs, 43
individualist methodologies 47-48
industrial model of communication 16-17, 29, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 356, 539, 563, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 825-826,
autonomy and, 309,
barriers to justice, 539,
emerging role of mass media, 327, 340, 356,
enclosure movement, 671,
information industries, 563,
mapping, framework for, 685,
medical innovation and, 611,
path dependency, 679,
relationship with social producers, 244,
security-related policy, 146, 695, 803,
shift away from, 31,
stakes of information policy, 808,
structure of mass media, 327,
transaction costs, 120, 208
inefficiency of information regulation 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 221, 291, 571, 810-813,
capacity reallocation, 221,
property protections, 571,
wireless communications policy, 291
information appropriation strategies 101-103
information as nonrival 79-83
information economy 11-66, 14, 24, 42, 57, 394, 542,
democracy and liberalism, 24,
effects on public sphere, 394,
emergence of, 14,
institutional ecology, 57,
justice, liberal theories of, 542,
methodological choices, 42
information flow 34, 281, 296, 355, 366, 463, 702,
controlling with policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
limited by mass media, 355
information industries 563-565
information production 16, 79, 88, 174, 194, 403, 815,
feasibility conditions for social production, 194,
networked public sphere capacity for, 403,
nonrivalry, 79, 174,
physical constraints on, 16,
strategies of, 88
information production capital 21-22, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,
control of, 195,
cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,
fixed and initial costs, 216,
production costs as limiting, 309,
transaction costs, 120
information production economics 77-117, 88, 100, 105, 114,
current production strategies, 88,
exclusive rights, 100, 114,
production over computer networks, 105
information production inputs 81, 108, 135-148, 137, 140, 149, 214, 238, 281, 285, 296, 335, 355, 366, 397, 463, 531, 702,
existing information, 81, 108,
immersive entertainment, 149,
individual action as modality, 238,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
limited by mass media, 355,
NASA Clickworkers project, 137,
pricing, 214,
propaganda, 285, 397, 531,
systematically blocked by policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702,
universal intake, 335, 355,
Wikipedia project, 140
information production, market-based 83, 95, 120, 208, 244, 522, 529, 613,
cultural change, transparency of, 522,
mass popular culture, 529,
relationship with social producers, 244,
transaction costs, 120, 208,
universities as, 613,
without property protections, 83, 95
information sharing 175, 216, 218, 294,
infrastructure ownership, 294,
initial costs, 216,
transaction costs, 218
information, perfect 364
information-embedded goods 556-558
information-embedded tools 558
innovation 37, 291, 586, 764,
agricultural, commons-based, 586,
human development, 37,
software patents and, 764,
wireless communications policy, 291
innovation economics 77-117, 88, 100, 100, 105, 114,
current production strategies, 88,
exclusive rights, 100, 100, 114,
production over computer networks, 105
inputs to production 81, 108, 135-148, 137, 140, 149, 214, 238, 281, 285, 296, 335, 355, 366, 397, 463, 531, 702,
existing information, 81, 108,
immersive entertainment, 149,
individual action as modality, 238,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
limited by mass media, 355,
NASA Clickworkers project, 137,
pricing, 214,
propaganda, 285, 397, 531,
systematically blocked by policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702,
universal intake, 335, 355,
Wikipedia project, 140
instant messaging 647
Institute for One World Health 619
institutional ecology of digital environment 6, 16-17, 27-28, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 539, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 824-827,
autonomy and, 309,
barriers to justice, 539,
emerging role of mass media, 327, 340,
enclosure movement, 671,
mapping, framework for, 685,
medical innovation and, 611,
path dependency, 679,
relationship with social producers, 244,
security-related policy, 146, 695, 803,
shift away from, 31,
stakes of information policy, 808,
structure of mass media, 327,
transaction costs, 120, 208
International HapMap Project 621
international harmonization 796-801
Internet 377, 385, 416, 423, 429, 437, 448, 473, 515, 528, 535, 654, 664, 698, 753, 759, 791,
as platform for human connection, 654,
authoritarian control over, 473,
centralization of, 423, 429,
coexisting with human community, 664,
democratizing effect of, 416,
democratizing effects of, 377,
globality of, effects on policy, 698,
linking as trespass, 791,
plasticity of culture, 528, 535,
power law distribution of site connections, 437,
strongly connected Web sites, 448,
technologies of, 385,
transparency of culture, 515,
Web addresses, 753,
Web browsers, 759
Internet Explorer browser 759-761
intrinsic motivations 187-193
Introna, Lucas 466
isolation 637-639
Jackson, Jesse 470
Jedi Saga, The 261-262
Jefferson, Richard 606
Johanson, Jon 734
justice and human development 35-38, 537-628, 542, 550, 568, 820-821,
commons-based research, 568,
commons-based strategies, 550,
liberal theories of, 542
Kant, Immanuel 274
karma (Slashdot) 157
KaZaa 741-742
Keillor, Garrison 441
Know-How model 95
knowledge, defined 562
Koren, Niva Elkin 40
Kottke, Jason 455
Kumar, Ravi 455
Kymlicka, Will 508
laboratories, peer-produced 622-623
Lakhani, Karim 207
Lange, David 63
large-circulation press 342-343
large-grained goods 221
last mile (wireless) 709-714
layers of institutional ecology 676-677, 685-698, 691, 696, 767, 823-825,
content layer, 676, 691, 696, 767, 823,
physical layer, 691, 823,
see also logical layer of institutional ecology, 691
liberal societies 24-39, 26, 31, 35, 40, 331, 542,
autonomy, 26,
critical culture and social relations, 40,
design of public sphere, 331,
justice and human development, 35,
public sphere, shift from mass media, 31,
theories of justice, 542
licensing 126, 205, 346, 598, 778,
agricultural biotechnologies, 598,
GPL (General Public License), 126, 205,
radio, 346,
shrink-wrap (contractual enclosure), 778
limited intake of mass media 355-358
limited-access common resources 122
Lin, Nan 189
Linux operating system 130
local clusters in network topology 34
logical layer of institutional ecology 171, 522, 671, 676, 691, 696, 726-766, 729, 737-752, 753, 759, 762, 782, 787, 796, 805, 823,
database protection, 787,
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 671, 729,
domain name system, 753,
free software policies, 762,
international harmonization, 796,
peer-to-peer networks, 171, 805,
recent changes, 696,
trademark dilutation, 522, 782,
Web browsers, 759
loneliness 637-639
Lucas, George 261-262
luck, justice and 543-545
lumpy goods 220-222
Luther, Martin 64
mailing lists (electronic) 387
management, changing relationships of 247-250
Mangabeira Unger, Roberto 266
manipulating perceptions of others 281-288, 285, 295, 298, 315-316, 397, 531,
influence exaction, 295, 298,
with propaganda, 285, 397, 531
Marconi 346
market reports, access to 561
market transactions 211-214
market-based information producers 83, 95, 120, 208, 244, 522, 529, 529, 613,
cultural change, transparency of, 522,
mass popular culture, 529, 529,
relationship with social producers, 244,
transaction costs, 120, 208,
universities as, 613,
without property protections, 83, 95
mass media 327, 327, 340, 352, 353, 353, 397,
as platform for public sphere, 327, 340, 352, 353,
basic critiques of, 353,
commercial platform for public sphere, 327,
corrective effects of network environment, 397,
structure of, 327
mass media, political freedom and 323-376, 331, 340, 353-375, 357,
commercial platform for public sphere, 340, 357,
design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 331
McChesney, Robert 352
McHenry, Robert 141
McLuhan, Marshall 45
McVeigh, Timothy (sailor) 652
Medecins Sans Frontieres 614
medicines, commons-based research on 609-623
medium of exchange 214-219
medium-grained goods 221
Meetup.com site 653
metamoderation (Slashdot) 159-160
methodological individualism 48
Mickey model 90-93
Milgram, Stanley 454
misfortune, justice and 543-545
MIT's Open Courseware Initiative 582
modularity 200-203
monetary constraints on information production 21-23, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,
control of, 195,
cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,
fixed and initial costs, 216,
production costs as limiting, 309,
transaction costs, 120
money 89, 187, 214, 309, 420, 462,
as demotivator, 187,
as dominant factor, 420,
centralization of communications, 462,
cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,
cost of production as limiting, 309,
crispness of currency exchange, 214
monitoring, authoritarian 426
monopoly 290, 345, 351, 371, 473, 611,
authoritarian control, 473,
breadth of programming under, 371,
medical research and innovation, 611,
radio broadcasting, 345, 351,
wired environment as, 290
Moore, Michael 360
motivation to produce 21-22, 183-194, 189, 200-203, 221, 223,
crowding out theory, 223,
cultural context, 189,
granularity of participation and, 221
Moulitas, Markos 398
MSF (Medecins San Frontieres) 614
Mumford, Lewis 45
municipal broadband initiatives 715-717
Murdoch, Rupert 365
music industry 106-107, 171, 733, 747-750, 777,
digital sampling, 777,
DMCA violations, 733,
peer-to-peer networks and, 171
MyDD.com site 398
NASA Clickworkers 137-139
NBC (National Broadcasting Company) 351
Negroponte, Nicholas 430
Nelson, W. R. 367
Netscape and browser wars 760
network topology 171, 179, 278, 279, 319, 392, 437, 448, 451, 455, 737, 791, 805,
autonomy and, 278, 279,
emergent ordered structure, 455,
linking as trespass, 791,
moderately linked sites, 451,
peer-to-peer networks, 171, 737, 805,
power law distribution of site connections, 437,
quoting on Web, 392,
repeater networks, 179,
strongly connected Web sites, 448
networked information economy 14-66, 24, 42, 57, 394,
democracy and liberalism, 24,
effects on public sphere, 394,
emergence of, 14,
institutional ecology, 57,
methodological choices, 42
networked public sphere 27, 31-34, 324, 327, 331, 340, 356, 376-484, 385, 403, 416, 425, 429, 437, 467, 469, 473, 481, 515, 631, 642, 649, 666, 686, 816-818,
authoritarian control, working around, 473,
basic communication tools, 385,
critiques that Internet democratizes, 416,
defined, 324,
Diebold Election Systems case study, 403, 469, 686,
future of, 481,
Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 429,
liberal, design characteristics of, 331,
loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649,
mass-media platform for, 327, 340, 356,
see also social relations and norms networked society, 666, 816,
topology and connectivity of, 437,
transparency of Internet culture, 515,
watchdog functionality, 425, 467
networks sharing 174
news (as data) 561
Newton, Isaac 81
niche markets 112
NIH (National Institutes of Health) 579
Nissenbaum, Helen 466
No Electrical Theft (NET) Act 775
nonmarket information producers 15-19, 48, 83-87, 91, 98, 194, 225, 244, 522, 613,
conditions for production, 194,
cultural change, transparency of, 522,
emergence of social production, 225,
relationship with nonmarket information producers (cont.) market-based businesses, 244,
role of, 48,
strategies for information production, 91, 98,
universities as, 613
nonmarket production, economics of 120, 182-250, 194, 208, 225,
emergence in digital networks, 225,
feasibility conditions, 194,
transaction costs, 120, 208
nonmarket strategies, effectiveness of 111-113
nonprofit medical research 619
nonrival goods 79-83
norms (social) 27, 41, 67, 120, 145-148, 157, 183, 208, 273, 421, 430, 459, 629-667, 631, 642, 649, 654, 659, 664, 818,
enforced norms with software, 659,
fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430, 459, 818,
Internet and human coexistence, 664,
Internet as platform for, 654,
loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649,
motivation within, 183,
property, commons, and autonomy, 273,
Slashdot mechanisms for, 157,
software for, emergence of, 659,
technology-defined structure, 67,
thickening of preexisting relations, 631,
transaction costs, 120, 208,
working with social expectations, 649
Nozick, Robert 544
NSI (Network Solutions. Inc.) 754-755
OAIster protocol 581
ODP (Open Directory Project) 154
older Web sites, obscurity of 446
on the shoulders of giants 81-83
One World Health 619
Open Archives Initiative 581
open commons 122
Open Directory Project (ODP) 154
open-source software 19-20, 37, 96, 125-132, 202, 247, 573, 762, 803,
as competition to market-based business, 247,
commons-based welfare development, 573,
human development and justice, 37,
policy on, 762,
project modularity and granularity, 202,
security considerations, 803
opinion, public 337, 338, 358, 367, 373,
iconic representations of, 367, 373,
synthesis of, 337, 338, 358
opportunities created by social production 246-250
organizational clustering 446-453
OSTG (Open Source Technology Group) 156
Ostrom, Elinor 276
Pantic, Drazen 393
Pareto, Vilfredo 441
peer production 19, 27, 73, 118-181, 194, 204, 208, 244, 403, 425, 467, 620, 631, 642, 649, 662, 813-815,
as platform for human connection, 662,
drug research and development, 620,
electronic voting machines (case study), 403,
feasibility conditions for social production, 194,
loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649,
maintenance of cooperation, 204,
relationship with market-based business, 244,
sustainability of, 208,
watchdog functionality, 425, 467
peer review of scientific publications 578-580
Pennock, David 451
perceptions of others, shaping 281-288, 285, 295, 298, 315-316, 397, 531,
influence exaction, 295, 298,
with propaganda, 285, 397, 531
perfect information 364
performance as means of communication 367
permission to communicate 294-295
personal computers 206, 220, 294, 718,
as shareable, lumpy goods, 220,
infrastructure ownership, 294,
policy on physical devises, 718
pharmaceuticals, commons-based research on 609-623
Philadelphia, wireless initiatives in 716-717
physical capital for production 21-23, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309, 676-677, 699-725,
control of, 195,
cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,
fixed and initial costs, 216,
production costs as limiting, 309,
see also commons and social capital, 699,
transaction costs, 120
physical contact, diminishment of 638-639
physical machinery and computers 206, 220, 294, 718,
as shareable, lumpy goods, 220,
infrastructure ownership, 294,
policy on physical devices, 718
Piore, Michael 266
PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property for Agriculture) 598-604
planned modularization 200-203
PLoS (Public Library of Science) 579
policy 63-65, 146, 299, 339, 355, 403, 469, 473, 531, 539, 545, 568, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 686, 695, 698, 796, 803, 808,
authoritarian control, 473,
commons-based research, 568,
Diebold Election Systems case study, 403, 469, 686,
enclosure movement, 671,
global Internet and, 698,
independence from government control, 339, 355,
international harmonization, 796,
liberal theories of justice and, 545,
mapping institutional ecology, 685,
participatory culture, 531,
path dependency, 679,
pharmaceutical innovation, 611,
property-based, 299,
proprietary rights vs. justice, 539,
security-related, 695, 803,
security-related policy, 146,
stakes of, 808
policy layers 676-677, 685-698, 691, 696, 767, 823-825,
content layer, 691, 696, 767, 823,
physical layer, 691, 823
political freedom, mass media and 323-376, 327, 331, 340, 353,
commercial platform for public sphere, 327, 340,
criticisms, 353,
design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 331
political freedom, public sphere and 376-484, 385, 416, 425, 429, 437, 467, 473, 481,
authoritarian control, working around, 473,
basic communication tools, 385,
critiques that Internet democratizes, 416,
future of, 481,
Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 429,
topology and connectivity of, 437,
watchdog functionality, 425, 467
Pool, Ithiel de Sola 682
popular culture, commercial production of 529-530
Post, Robert 269
Postel, Jon 754
Postman, Neil 341
Powell, Walter 218
power law distribution of Web connections 437-466, 448, 451,
strongly connected Web sites, 448,
uniform component of moderate connectivity, 451
preexisting relations, thickening of 631
price compensation, as demotivator 187-190
pricing 214-219
Pringle, Peter 594
print media, commercial 341-343
private communications 326
privatization 289, 299, 594, 779,
agricultural biotechnologies, 594,
of communications and information systems, 289, 299,
ProCD v. Zeidenberg, 779
processors. See computer producer surplus 297
producers professionalism, mass media 356
production capital 21-23, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,
control of, 195,
cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,
fixed and initial costs, 216,
production costs as limiting, 309,
transaction costs, 120
production inputs 81, 108, 135-148, 140, 149, 214, 238, 281, 285, 296, 335, 355, 366, 397, 463, 531, 702,
existing information, 81, 108,
immersive entertainment, 149,
individual action as modality, 238,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
limited by mass media, 355,
pricing, 214,
propaganda, 285, 397, 531,
systematically blocked by policy routers, 281, 296, 355, 702,
universal intake, 335, 355,
Wikipedia project, 140
production inputs NASA Clickworkers project 137-139
production of information 15, 79, 88, 174, 194, 403, 815,
feasibility conditions for social production, 194,
networked public sphere capacity for, 403,
nonrivalry, 79, 174,
physical constraints on, 15,
strategies of, 88
property ownership 59-64, 100, 121, 252-257, 273, 570,
autonomy and, 273,
control over, as asymmetric, 121,
effects of exclusive rights, 100,
trade policy, 570
proprietary rights 57-66, 88, 89, 100, 114-117, 171, 177, 290, 291, 294, 346, 348, 501, 522, 539, 556, 568, 578, 594, 598, 598, 611, 624, 671, 719, 729, 754, 764, 769, 778, 782, 787, 791, 796, 809,
agricultural biotechnologies, 594, 598,
commons-based research, 568,
contractual enclosure, 778,
copyright issues, 769,
cultural environment and, 501,
database protection, 787,
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 671, 729,
domain names, 754,
dominance of, overstated, 809,
effects of, 100,
enclosure movement, 671,
global welfare and research, 568, 624,
information-embedded goods and tools, 556,
infrastructure ownership, 294,
international harmonization, 796,
justice vs., 539,
medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 611,
models of, 89,
openness of personal computers, 719,
peer-to-peer networks and, 171,
radio patents, 346, 348,
scientific publication, 578,
software patents, 764,
strategies for information production, 88,
trademark dilutation, 522, 782,
trespass to chattels, 791,
university alliances, 598,
wireless communications policy, 291,
wireless networks, 177, 290
proprietary rights, inefficiency of 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 221, 571, 810-813,
capacity reallocation, 221,
property protections, 571
public goods vs. nonrival goods 79-83
Public Library of Science (PLoS) 579
public sphere 27, 31-34, 324-328, 327, 331, 340, 356-358, 376-484, 385, 403, 416, 425, 429, 437, 467, 469, 473, 481, 515, 631, 642, 649, 686, 817-818,
authoritarian control, working around, 473,
basic communication tools, 385,
critiques that Internet democratizes, 416,
Diebold Election Systems case study, 403, 469, 686,
future of, 481,
Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 429,
liberal, design characteristics of, 331,
loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649,
mass media platform for, 327, 340,
topology and connectivity of, 437,
transparency of Internet culture, 515,
watchdog functionality, 425, 467
public sphere relationships 559, 577-583,
see social relations and norms publication, scientific, 559, 577
public-domain data 559-560
Putnum, Robert 641
quoting on Web 392
radio 341-354, 345, 346, 348, 363, 655, 682, 711-712,
as platform for human connection, 655,
as public sphere platform, 345,
market concentration, 363,
patents, 346, 348
Radio Act of 1927 352
Radio B92 475
radio telephony 349
Raz, Joseph 269
redistribution theory 544-545
referencing on the Web 392, 437, 791,
linking as trespass, 791,
power law distribution of Web site connections, 437
regional clusters in network topology 34
regulated commons 122
regulation by social norms 27, 41, 67, 120, 145-148, 157, 183, 208, 273, 421, 430, 459, 629-667, 631, 642, 649, 654, 659, 664, 818,
enforced norms with software, 659,
fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430, 459, 818,
Internet and human coexistence, 664,
Internet as platform for, 654,
loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649,
motivation within, 183,
property, commons, and autonomy, 273,
Slashdot mechanisms for, 157,
software for, emergence of, 659,
technology-defined structure, 67,
thickening of preexisting relations, 631,
transaction costs, 120, 208,
working with social expectations, 649
Reichman, Jerome 789
relevance filtering 34, 135, 151-161, 152, 153, 154, 155, 204, 297, 314-322, 317, 336-337, 355, 358, 397, 423, 425, 426, 429, 462-466, 467,
Amazon, 152,
as distributed system, 317,
as public good, 34,
by authoritarian countries, 426,
capacity for, by mass media, 358,
concentration of mass-media power, 297, 397, 423, 429,
Google, 153,
Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,
power of mass media owners, 355, 358, 397,
Slashdot, 155, 204,
watchdog functionality, 425, 467
repeater networks 179-180
research, commons-based 568-583, 584, 609, 624-628,
food and agricultural innovation, 584,
medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609
responsive communications 358
Reynolds, Glenn 470
RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) 733
right to read 771
Romantic Maximizer model 90-92
Rose, Carol 122
routers, controlling information flow with 281-284, 296, 298, 355-358, 702,
influence exaction, 296, 298
Rubin, Aviel 408
Saltzer, Jerome 705
sampling, digital (music) 777
Sarnoff, David 351
scientific data, access to 559-560
scope of loose relations 27-28
scope of loose relationships 631
Scott, William 622
security of context 273-278
Security Systems Standards and Certification Act 721
self-archiving of scientific publications 580-581
self-determinims, extrinsic motivation and 187
self-esteem, extrinsic motivation and 187
self-organization 40, 140, 154, 218, 525,
Open Directory Project, 154,
See clusters in network topology self-reflection, 40, 525,
self-identification as transaction cost, 218,
Wikipedia project, 140
services, software 575-576
SETI@home project 168-170
shaping perceptions of others 281-288, 285, 295, 298, 315-316, 397, 531,
influence exaction, 295, 298,
with propaganda, 285, 397, 531
Shapiro, Carl 558
shareable goods 220-222
sharing 91, 98, 118-181, 166-181, 221, 225, 239, 297, 613, 620, 709, 711,
capacity, 711,
emergence of social production, 225,
excess capacity, 166, 221, 297, 620,
limited sharing networks, 91, 98,
open wireless networks, 709,
radio capacity, 711,
technology dependence of, 239,
university patents, 613
shrink-wrap licenses 778-781
sidewalk.com 794
Simon, Herbert 441
small-worlds effect 454-457
social action 55-56
social capital 189, 638-639, 640-653, 643, 649,
networked society, 649,
thickening of preexisting relations, 643
social clustering 446-453
social production, relationship with market-based business 244-250
social regulations and norms 145-148
social relations and norms 27, 41, 67, 120, 157, 183, 208, 273, 421, 430, 459, 629-667, 631, 642, 649, 654, 659, 664, 818,
enforced norms with software, 659,
fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430, 459, 818,
Internet and human coexistence, 664,
Internet as platform for, 654,
loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649,
motivation within, 183,
property, commons, and autonomy, 273,
Slashdot mechanisms for, 157,
software for, emergence of, 659,
technology-defined structure, 67,
thickening of preexisting relations, 631,
transaction costs, 120, 208,
working with social expectations, 649
social software 659-663
social structure, defined by technology 67-76
social-democratic theories of justice 550-554
software, open-source 19, 37, 96, 125-132, 202, 247, 573, 762, 803,
as competition to market based business, 247,
commons-based welfare development, 573,
human development and justice, 37,
policy on, 762,
project modularity and granularity, 202,
security considerations, 803
Solla Price, Derek (de Solla Price) 441
Solum, Lawrence 476-477
specificity of price 214-219
Speilberg, Steven 732
stakes of information policy 808-829
standardizing creativity 214-219
state, role of 52-56
static Web pages 388-389
steiner, Peter 368
Stolen Honor documentary 397-402
Strogatz, Steven 454
strongly connected Web sites 448-450
structure of mass media 327-330
structure of network 171, 179, 278, 279, 319, 392, 437, 448, 451, 455, 737, 791, 805,
autonomy and, 278, 279,
emergent ordered structure, 455,
linking as trespass, 791,
moderately linked sites, 451,
peer-to-peer networks, 171, 737, 805,
power law distribution of Web site connections, 437,
quoting on Web, 392,
repeater network, 179,
strongly connected Web sites, 448
structure of organizations 200-207, 221, 543,
granularity, 200, 221,
justice and, 543,
modularity, 200
structured production 200-207, 204, 221,
granularity, 200, 221,
maintenance of cooperation, 204,
modularity, 200
Sunstein, Cass 421-422
supercomputers 167-168
supply-side effects of information production 95-96
sustainability of peer production 208-224
symmetric commons 122
Syngenta 597
TalkingPoints site 398
taste, changes in 249
Taylor, Fredrick 265
teaching materials 582
technology 44, 67, 111, 239, 385-393, 594, 659, 813,
agricultural, 594,
costs of, 813,
dependence on, for sharing, 239,
effectiveness of nonmarket strategies, 111,
enabling social sharing as production modality, 239,
role of, 44,
social software, 659,
social structure defined by, 67
telephone, as platform for human connection 657
television 262, 341, 355, 363, 366, 463, 638, 646,
culture of, 262,
Internet use vs., 638, 646,
large-audience programming, 355, 366, 463,
market concentration, 363
tendrils (Web topology) 448-450
text distribution as platform for human connection 655-656
textbooks 582
The Halloween Memo 245
The Memory Hole 203
thinness of online relations 638
Thurmond, Strom 470
Ticketmaster 794
Tirole, Jean,von Hippel, Eric 207
Tocqueville, Alexis, de 342
tools, information-embedded 558
Toomey, Jenny 245
topical clustering 446-453
topology, network 171, 179, 278, 279, 319, 392, 437, 448, 451, 455, 737, 791, 805,
autonomy and, 278, 279,
emergent ordered structure, 455,
linking as trespass, 791,
moderately linked sites, 451,
peer-to-peer networks, 171, 737, 805,
power law distribution of Web site connections, 437,
quoting on Web, 392,
repeater networks, 179,
strongly connected Web sites, 448
traditional model of communication 16, 29, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 356, 539, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 825-826,
autonomy and, 309,
barriers to justice, 539,
emerging role of mass media, 327, 340, 356,
enclosure movement, 671,
mapping, framework for, 685,
medical innovation and, 611,
path dependency, 679,
relationship with social producers, 244,
security-related policy, 146, 695, 803,
shift away from, 31,
stakes of information policy, 808,
structure of mass media, 327,
transaction costs, 120, 208
transfer of knowledge 562
transparency of free software 575
transparency of Internet culture 515-527
transport channel policy 701-717, 704, 709, 715,
broadband regulation, 704,
municipal broadband initiatives, 715,
open wireless networks, 709
trespass to chattels 791-795
troll filters (Slashdot) 157
trusted systems, computers as 721-722
tubes (Web topology) 448-450
UCC (Uniform Commercial Code) 780
UCITA (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act) 778-781
Uhlir, Paul 789
university-owned-radio 347
unregulated commons 122
users as consumers 249-250
vacuity of online relations 638
Vaidhyanathan, Silva 501
value of online contact 638
vandalism on Wikipedia 146-148
Varmus, Harold 559
visibility of mass media 356
vouching for others, network of 653
Walter, Benjamin 530
Walzer, Michael 508
Watts, Duncan 454
Web 387-391, 392, 437, 448, 463, 753, 759, 791,
backbone sites, 448, 463,
browser wars, 759,
domain name addresses, 753,
linking as trespass, 791,
power law distribution of Web site connections, 437,
quoting from other sites, 392
Weber, Steve 205
welfare 255, 297, 427, 542, 550, 555, 568,
commons-based research, 568,
commons-based strategies, 550,
digital divide, 427,
freedom from constraint, 297,
information-based advantages, 555,
liberal theories of justice, 542,
see also justice and human development, 542
WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link) 636
well-being 50
wet-lab science, peer production of 622-623
Wikibooks project 201
Wikis as social software 659-663
Williamson, Oliver 120
Winner, Langdon 45
wireless communications 177-179, 289, 392, 437, 448, 463, 709, 715, 753, 759, 791,
backbone sites, 448, 463,
browser wars, 759,
domain name addresses, 753,
linking as trespass, 791,
municipal broadband initiatives, 715,
open networks, 709,
power law distribution of Web site connections, 437,
privatization vs. commons, 289,
quoting from other sites, 392
writable Web 388-391
written communications as platform for human connection 655-656
Zipf, George 441
Zittrain, Jonathan 477
License: All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ The author has made an online version of the book available under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Sharealike license; it can be accessed through the author's website at http://www.benkler.org.
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